What does the term "judicial review" mean?

• A. The power of courts to enact laws
• B. The power of legislatures to review laws
• C. The power of courts to determine the constitutionality of laws
• D. The power of executive branches to void laws

Answer: (C)

Judicial review refers to the power of courts to determine the constitutionality of laws. This principle was established in the landmark Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison in 1803, where the Court asserted its role in interpreting the Constitution and ensuring that legislation does not conflict with constitutional provisions. Judicial review allows the judiciary to strike down laws and governmental actions that they find invalid under the Constitution, thereby acting as a check on the powers of the legislative and executive branches. This function is crucial for upholding the rule of law and protecting individual rights, as it ensures that all branches of government operate within the boundaries set by the Constitution.